Five big killers of human health ?Loneliness

　　The growth of social media and waning <http://dict.qsbdc.com/waning> in-person contact has led Former Surgeon General Vivek Murthy to label loneliness a worldwide epidemic <http://dict.qsbdc.com/epidemic>. And it could be lethal <http://dict.qsbdc.com/lethal>.

　　Julianne Holt-Lunstad, a professor of psychology <http://dict.qsbdc.com/psychology> at Brigham Young University, has found in her research that loneliness reduces people's life spans by the equivalent of smoking 15 cigarettes a day.

　　Sitting

　　Sitting all day increases risk for a raft of different cancers, a 2014 study found.

　　Researchers included in their meta-analyses data from four million people involving how often they sat to watch TV, do work, and commute <http://dict.qsbdc.com/commute>.

　　Each two-hour increase in sitting time upped people's risks for colon <http://dict.qsbdc.com/colon>, endometrial, and lung cancers, regardless of whether they still exercised during the day.

　　Sleep loss

　　The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have called sleep deprivation <http://dict.qsbdc.com/deprivation> a public health problem, as some 50 to 70 million people in the US have sleep or wakefulness disorder <http://dict.qsbdc.com/disorder>.

　　Professor Valery Gafarov, of the World Health Organisation <http://dict.qsbdc.com/Organisation>, noted <http://dict.qsbdc.com/noted> in 2015 that insufficient <http://dict.qsbdc.com/insufficient> sleep raises the risk of stroke and heart attack to similar degrees as regular cigarette use.

　　"Poor sleep should be considered a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease along with smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet," he said.

　　Tanning

　　Indoor tanning may seem like a more controlled version of regular sunbathing <http://dict.qsbdc.com/sunbathing>, but both are potentially more dangerous than smoking.

　　In 2014, researchers published a study in JAMA that found indoor tanning alone led to more cases of skin cancer than smoking did with lung cancer.

　　"Given the large number of skin cancer cases attributable to indoor tanning, these findings highlight a major public health issue," the investigators <http://dict.qsbdc.com/investigators> wrote.

　　Poor diet

　　A wealth of evidence has found that sugary, processed foods high in saturated <http://dict.qsbdc.com/saturated> fats can expose people to potentially fatal diseases at similar, if not greater, rates than smoking.

　　In 2016, researchers studying the mortality risks from poor diet concluded the death rates exceeded those of alcohol, drugs, unprotected sex, and tobacco combined.

　　【譯文】

　　人體健康的五大殺手

　　孤獨(dú)

　　社交媒體的發(fā)展和人際接觸的減少，使得前外科醫(yī)生維維克·穆?tīng)栁?VivekMurthy)將孤獨(dú)列為一種世界性流行病。而且可能是烈度3。楊百翰大學(xué)心理學(xué)教授Julianne Holt-Lunstad在她的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，孤獨(dú)使人的壽命縮短，相當(dāng)于每天抽15支煙。

　　長(zhǎng)時(shí)間靜坐

　　2014年的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，整天坐著會(huì)增加患多種癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

　　研究人員在他們的元分析中包括了來(lái)自四百萬(wàn)人的數(shù)據(jù)，其中包括他們坐著看電視、工作和通勤的頻率。每增加兩小時(shí)的坐著時(shí)間，人們患上結(jié)腸癌、子宮內(nèi)膜癌和肺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就會(huì)增加，不管他們是否仍在白天鍛煉。

　　睡眠不足

　　疾病控制和預(yù)防中心稱(chēng)睡眠不足是一個(gè)公共健康問(wèn)題，因?yàn)樵诿绹?guó)大約有50到七千萬(wàn)人有睡眠或覺(jué)醒障礙。世界衛(wèi)生組織的瓦萊里·加法羅夫教授在2015指出，睡眠不足會(huì)使中風(fēng)和心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與正常吸煙的程度相當(dāng)。他說(shuō)：“睡眠不足應(yīng)該被認(rèn)為是心血管疾病的一個(gè)可改變的危險(xiǎn)因素，還有吸煙、缺乏鍛煉和飲食不良?！?/p>

　　日光浴

　　室內(nèi)日光浴似乎是一種更受控制的常規(guī)日光浴，但兩者都比吸煙更危險(xiǎn)。

　　2014，研究人員在JAMA上發(fā)表了一項(xiàng)研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)室內(nèi)曬黑導(dǎo)致的皮膚癌病例比吸煙導(dǎo)致肺癌的病例還要多。“鑒于大量皮膚癌病例可歸因于室內(nèi)曬黑，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)突出了一個(gè)重大的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題，”調(diào)查人員13寫(xiě)道。

　　飲食不良

　　大量的證據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)，含糖的加工食品富含脂肪，可能使人患上潛在的致命疾病，甚至比吸煙還要嚴(yán)重。

　　2016，研究人員對(duì)不良飲食造成的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行了研究，得出的結(jié)論是，死亡率超過(guò)了酒精、毒品、無(wú)保護(hù)的性行為和煙草的總和。

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